Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV)

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV)-Mark I&II  ,is capable of placing INSAT–II class of satellites (2000 – 2,500 kg) into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).  GSLV is a three stage vehicle GSLV is 49 m tall, with 414 t lift off weight. It has a maximum diameter of 3.4 m at the payload fairing. First stage comprises S125 solid booster with four liquid (L40) strap-ons.  Second stage (GS2) is liquid engine and the third stage (GS3) is a cryo stage.   The vehicle develops a lift off thrust  of 6573 kn.
The first flight of GSLV took place from SHAR on April 18, 2001 by launching 1540 kg GSAT-1. It was followed by six more launches , GSLV-D2 on May 8, 2003 (GSAT-2  1825 kg), GSLV-F01 on September 20, 2004 (EDUSAT 1950 kg), GSLV-F02 on July 10, 2006, GSLV-F04 on September 2, 2007 (INSAT-4CR   2130 kg), GSLV-D3 on April 15, 2010 and GSLV-F06 on December 25, 2010.

Typical Parameters of GSLV
 Lift-off weight     414 tonne
 Pay Load     2 to 2.5 Tonne in to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)
 Height     49 metre
GSLV Milestones
    GSLV-F06 launched GSAT-5P on December 25, 2010 (Unsuccessful)
    GSLV-D3 launched GSAT-4 on April 15, 2010 (Unsuccessful)
    GSLV-F04 launched INSAT-4CR on September 2, 2007 (Successful)
    GSLV-F02 launched INSAT-4C on July 10, 2006 (Unsuccessful)
    GSLV-F01 launched EDUSAT(GSAT-3) on September 20, 2004 (Successful)
    GSLV-D2 launched GSAT-2 on May 8, 2003 (Successful)
    GSLV-D1 launched GSAT-1 on April 18, 2001 (Successful)

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

e Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle,usually known by its abbreviation PSLV is the first operational launch vehicle of ISRO. PSLV is capable of launching 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun-synchronous polar orbit and 1050 kg satellite in geo-synchronous transfer orbit. In the standard configuration, it measures 44.4 m tall, with a lift off weight of 295 tonnes. PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage is one of the largest solid propellant boosters in the world and carries 139 tonnes of propellant. A cluster of six strap-ons attached to the first stage motor, four of which are ignited on the ground and two are air-lit.

The reliability rate of PSLV has been superb. There had been 21 continuously successful flights of PSLV, till September 2012 . With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-mission capability in a single launch and its geosynchronous launch capability. In the Chandrayaan-mission, another variant of PSLV with an extended version of strap-on motors, PSOM-XL, the payload haul was enhanced to 1750 kg in 620 km SSPO. PSLV has rightfully earned the status of workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.
Typical Parameters of PSLV
 Lift-off weight     295 tonne
 Pay Load     1600 kg in to 620 km Polar Orbit,
1060 kg in to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)
 Height     44 metre

PSLV Milestones
    PSLV-C21 launched SPOT 6 and PROITERES on September 09, 2012 (Successful)
    PSLV-C19 launched RISAT-1 on April 26, 2012 (Successful)
    PSLV-C18 launched Megha-Tropiques, SRMSat, VesselSat-1 and Jugnu on October 12, 2011 (Successful)
    PSLV-C17 launched GSAT - 12 on July 15, 2011 (Successful)
    PSLV-C16 launched RESOURCESAT - 2, YOUTHSAT and X-SAT on April 20, 2011 (Successful)
    PSLV-C15 launched CARTOSAT-2B, ALSAT-2A, NLS 6.1 & 6.2 and STUDSAT on July 12, 2010 (Successful)
    PSLV-C14 launched Oceansat - 2 and Six Nanosatellites on September 23, 2009 (Successful)
    PSLV-C12 launched RISAT-2 and ANUSAT on April 20, 2009 (Successfully)
    PSLV-C11 launched CHANDRAYAAN-I, on October 22, 2008 (Successful)
    PSLV-C9 launched CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1 and Eight nano-satellites on April 28, 2008 (Successful)
    PSLV-C10 launched TECSAR on January 23, 2008 (Successful)
    PSLV-C8 launched AGILE on April 23, 2007 (Successful)
    PSLV-C7 launched CARTOSAT-2, SRE-1, LAPAN-TUBSAT and PEHUENSAT-1 on January 10, 2007 (Successful)
    PSLV-C6 launched CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT on May 5, 2005 (Successful)
    PSLV-C5 launched RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) on October 17, 2003 (Successful)
    PSLV-C4 launched KALPANA-1(METSAT) on September 12, 2002 (Successful)
    PSLV-C3 launched TES on October 22, 2001 (Successful)
    PSLV-C2 launched OCEANSAT(IRS-P4), KITSAT-3 and DLR-TUBSAT on May 26, 1999 (Successful)
    PSLV-C1 launched IRS-1D on September 29, 1997 (Successful)
    PSLV-D3 launched IRS-P3 on March 21, 1996 (Successful)
    PSLV-D2 launched IRS-P2 on October 15, 1994 (Successful)
    PSLV-D1 launched IRS-1E on September 20, 1993 (Unsuccessful)

India's major grid solar power projects

India's National Solar Mission has targeted to deploy 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022. The country is blessed with about an estimated 5000 TWh of solar radiation. This vast resource can be tapped to meet the growing energy demand. Even if a tenth of this potential is utilised, it could solve the country’s power problems.




Solar energy has particular relevance in remote and rural areas, where around 289 million people live without access to electricity. Solar energy is the most cost-effective option for India to reduce energy poverty without having to extend national grid services to provide power for individual homes and buildings. 

A State/UT wise list of grid solar power projects commissioned so far is as follows:

S.No.	State / UT	Capacity (kWp)
1	Andhra Pradesh	100
2	Arunanchal Pradesh	25
3	Gujarat	5000
4	Karnataka	6000
5	Kerala	25
6	Madhya Pradesh	100
7	Maharashtra	1000
8	Punjab	2325
9	Rajasthan	4950
10	Tamil Nadu	5050
11	Uttar Pradesh	375
12	Uttarakhand	50
13	West Bengal	1150
14	Andaman & Nicobar	100
15	Delhi	2142
16	Lakshadweep	750
17	Puducherry	25
18	Others	790
	Total	29957

Two sisters starving for six months, rescued

Two women, who had locked themselves inside their apartment for the last six months, in Delhi's Rohini area have been rescued this morning. Police say, the two sisters Mamta (40) and Nirja Gupta (28), were undergoing some financial crisis and decided to lock themselves up. They were found immensely dehydrated and starving when an NGO found them. Mamta weighed just 15 kilos.

11 degrees and still jobless

       

            54-year-old Ashok Kumar from Jodhpur has total of 11 educational degrees and that too in different subjects. A local vendor on Loni Railway station, Ashok Kumar also a gold medalist from Kota University in Mass Communication. But then what made him to sell sweets on a railway station?

The World's Most Expensive Places to Live 2012

           Europe’s debt crisis, slowing growth in the U.S. and worries about a hard landing in China: Even if you’ve kept your job this past year, you’ve probably had plenty to worry about. But how about the rising cost of living?


           According to a new report from human resources firm Mercer Consulting, the cost of living in North American, Asian and African cities has been rising this past year, despite the global slowdown.


           The study looked at 214 cities worldwide and used New York City as the benchmark. Mercer’s annual cost of living survey is used by multinational companies to determine compensation for their expatriate employees around the world. The rankings are based on the cost of more than 200 items in each location including housing, transportation, food, clothing and entertainment.
So, which cities are the most expensive to live in? Click ahead to find out.


1. Tokyo, Japan




  
     Photo: Hiroshi Higuchi/Getty ImagesTokyo is the most expensive place to live in the world for expatriates and is one of three Japanese cities to make the top 10 list this year.


            The city has risen from the number two spot last year and has been ranked either first or second for the past five years. While the cost of renting in Asia’s most expensive city has remained relatively the same, the cost of other goods like a cup of coffee, fuel and a fast-food meal has gone up over the past year. By comparison, Tokyo is about one-third more expensive than Karachi, which is the least expensive city for expats among the 214 cities surveyed by Mercer.
          As Japan’s most important economic center, Tokyo is the most desirable place for expats to live in. But the city's real estate market is expected to be hit by shrinking demand from expatriates in 2012 due to corporate cost-cutting and downsizing, according to Knight Frank.


Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: $4,848


Cup of Coffee: $8.29


One Gallon of Gasoline: $7.34


Daily International Newspaper: $6.38


Fast-Food Meal: $8.29


2. Luanda, Angola




  

      Photo: Chad Henning/Getty ImagesLuanda, the capital of Africa’s second largest oil producer, has fallen to second place this year from the number one spot it has held since 2010. An oil boom has helped Angola become the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after South Africa and Nigeria. Crude oil sales account for over 95 percent of its export revenue, and the government expects GDP growth of 12.8 percent in 2012.


        The most costly expense in Luanda is renting property, similar to number 8th ranked N’Djamena. Despite the average monthly cost of renting a luxury two-bedroom apartment falling $500 compared to last year, it still remains high at $6,500. Consumer inflation in Angola was more than 11 percent year-on-year in March.


        The country is the largest recipient of foreign direct investment in sub-Saharan Africa with inflows of nearly $10 billion in 2010, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Its main overseas investors include China, Portugal, Brazil and the U.S. and expatriates from these countries are sent to oversee local operations in Luanda.


Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: $6,500


Cup of Coffee: $3.90


One Gallon of Gasoline: $2.38


Daily International Newspaper: $5.46


Fast-Food Meal: $19.94*


*Replaced by club sandwich and soda in absence of any comparable fast food outlets.


3. Osaka, Japan




   
     Photo: Allan Baxter/Getty    ImagesOsaka, Japan’s second largest city, has moved up three spots this year from sixth in 2011 and 2010.
       Known as an important commercial center for Japan, about 1.1 million people commute into the city during the day, according to the Japanese Statistics Bureau. The city has high rental prices because of its dense population, a limited amount of accommodation and high expatriate demand. A relatively strong yen has also heightened the cost of living for expatriates. The cost of buying daily goods like a cup of coffee, fuel, an international newspaper and fast food have all gone up from last year.


       Osaka is also a key industrial hub and home to nearly 44,000 manufacturers, which creates added pressure on resources. But a strong yen and an aging labor pool have hit the once mighty industrial hub in recent decades. The city has seen a decline in manufacturing with three firms closing shop every day since the peak year of 1983.




Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: $3,062


Cup of Coffee: $7.02


One Gallon of Gasoline: $6.85


Daily International Newspaper: $6.38


Fast-Food Meal: $8.29




4. Moscow, Russia






  
    
    Photo: Lars Ruecker/Getty ImagesMoscow is the most expensive city in Europe for expatriates and has ranked fourth globally since 2010.


       Despite widespread concerns over corruption, red tape, pollution and growing traffic congestion, Moscow’s place as Russia’s main political and business capital makes it the top destination for expat workers. The city attracts more investment than other Russian cities and accounts for about a quarter of the country’s $1.5 trillion economy. Daily issues like power outages and safety also drive up the cost of living for foreigners.


     The rising cost of renting property is the most substantial increase in living costs for 2012, according to Mercer, with a luxury two-bedroom apartment going up by $200 compared to last year. Demand for luxury property in Moscow is also high because of growing wealth from the country’s oil and commodities boom. Moscow is home to the most billionaires in the world at 79, according to Forbes.


Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: $4,200


Cup of Coffee: $8.37


One Gallon of Gasoline: $3.67


Daily International Newspaper: $9.78


Fast-Food Meal: $6.70




5. Geneva, Switzerland




  

      Photo: Katarina Stefanovic/Getty ImagesGeneva has been ranked as the fifth most expensive place to live in the world for the past three years by Mercer. It is Switzerland’s second-largest city after Zurich. Together, the two cities represent the high cost of living in Switzerland, the only Western European country to make the top 10 list.


      Geneva is the country’s most expensive metropolitan area and like Zurich, the Swiss franc’s appreciation has raised the cost of living for expatriates. The average monthly rent for a luxury two-bedroom apartment in the city has gone up by nearly $300 from last year to around $4,800.




       Geneva is home to 20 international organizations such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization and Red Cross, making it a big draw for expats. Over 44 percent of the city’s population is made up of foreigners. The cosmopolitan hub is also home to the world’s most expensive private schools and is said to have one of the best education systems, further adding to the high cost of living for families.




Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: $4,818


Cup of Coffee: $6.57


One Gallon of Gasoline: $7.46


Daily International Newspaper: $4.38


Fast-Food Meal: $12.59




6. Zurich, Switzerland (Tied)






   


     Photo: José Fuste Raga/Getty ImagesZurich, home to a number of banking giants such as UBS and Credit Suisse, moved one spot higher this year from 7th in 2011 and 9th in 2010.


      Zurich is an attractive location for international firms looking to take advantage of Switzerland’s low tax rates. Expatriates are also drawn to Zurich’s high quality of life. The city ranks third in the world when it comes to education, tax, and security as motives for purchasers to buy luxury property, according to Knight Frank.


      While most European cities have dropped in the rankings, the strength of the local currency, the Swiss franc, has boosted the cost of living in Zurich. While Mercer ranks Zurich as the sixth most expensive city, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) ranks it as number one. EIU’s survey covers 130 cities and takes into account 160 products and services.


Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: $3,614


Cup of Coffee: $6.02


One of Gallon Gasoline: $7.38


Daily International Newspaper: $4.38


Fast-Food Meal: $12.59




6. Singapore (Tied)




   

     Photo: Wsboon Images/Getty ImagesSingapore, like other Asian financial centers, has seen a big inflow of expatriates, which has pushed up the cost of housing and other living costs.


     The city has been moving up Mercer’s most expensive cities list, rising two spots this year from eighth in 2011 and 11 th in 2010. Known for its high property prices and rents compared to the rest of Southeast Asia, Singapore is also an extremely expensive place to own a car. The permit to buy a new car can cost anywhere between $46,000 to over $67,000. Prices of these 10-year permits, known as Certificate of Entitlement (COE), have jumped 40 percent since the beginning of this year.


       An average Toyota Vios subcompact costs $85,700 including the permit, up from about $60,000 at the beginning of the year, according to motoring website SGcarmart.com.


         Given the steep cost of living in Singapore, expat salaries are also correspondingly high. According to a survey by HSBC more than half of expats in Singapore earned more than $200,000 in 2011, making it the country with the highest expat salaries in Asia. Expats in Singapore need to have larger incomes than their home countries to maintain their standard of living. About 82 percent of expats surveyed said they were more likely to spend more money on accommodation, while 65 percent said they would spend more on food in 2011 compared to the global average of around 50 percent.


Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: $3,588


Cup of Coffee: $5.18


One Gallon of Gasoline: $6.55


Daily International Newspaper: $3.59


Fast-Food Meal: $5.66




8. N’ Djamena, Chad




   

       Photo: Kanbou Sia/AFP/Getty ImagesN’Djamena, the capital and economic center of the central African country of Chad, fell five spots this year from third place in 2011 and 2010.


        The key reason behind the high cost of living in N’Djamena is the difficulty in finding suitable and safe accommodations for expatriates, making the few available places extremely expensive. Companies must also take into account the personal safety of employees in the violence-mired city, further adding to costs.


          The influx of expatriates working in Chad’s oil industry has pushed up the cost of living, with a fast-food meal costing as much as $25. Chad’s oil fields have attracted a number of international energy giants such as China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Exxon Mobil, Chevron and Malaysia’s state-run Petronas. Chad saw investments of more than $8 billion in 2011 by Chinese firms keen to cash in on the country’s energy industry.


Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: N/A


Cup of Coffee: $3.32


One Gallon of Gasoline: $6.55


Daily International Newspaper: $6.85


Fast-Food Meal: $25.18


9. Hong Kong




   

       Photo: Joe Chen Photography/Getty ImagesHong Kong, the only Chinese city or territory to make the top 10 list, has been ranked the ninth most expensive place to live for the past two years, falling from the eighth spot in 2010.


         One of the most substantial increases in the cost of living in Hong Kong has been in renting property. The average monthly rent for a luxury two-bedroom apartment jumped around $1,300 from $5,800 in 2011 to almost $7,100 this year. As one of the most densely populated cities in the world with limited housing supply, average house prices have skyrocketed over 93 percent between 2006 and 2011 — making Hong Kong the world’s second-hottest property market, according to real estate consultancy Knight Frank.


           Hong Kong’s reputation as a major global financial center remains a big draw for international businesses and expatriates, which in turn pushes up the cost of living. The cost of food and fuel has also gone up from last year with headline inflation jumping nearly 5 percent in April.


Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: $7,092


Cup of Coffee: $6.83


One Gallon of Gasoline: $8.36


Daily International Newspaper: $3.61


Fast-Food Meal: $3.54




10. Nagoya, Japan


   

       Photo: Jantelagen/Mark McDonald/Getty ImagesThe cost of living in Nagoya has risen rapidly in the past few years, with the city breaking into the top 10 for the first time in 2012 from 11th in 2011 and 19th in 2010.


        Nagoya is Japan’s auto manufacturing hub, and an important place of business for some of the world’s leading carmakers like Toyota, Honda, General Motors and Volkswagen.




     Expats are generally drawn to the city because of its large industrial sector. Demand for housing in the densely populated area, which is the third-largest in Japan, has driven up the cost of housing.


   Still, the cost of renting a luxury two-bedroom apartment in Nagoya is around half the cost of renting in Tokyo. But Nagoya is as expensive as Tokyo when it comes to the cost of a cup of coffee, fuel or a fast-food meal. To top it off, a surging yen has resulted in higher prices in general for expats living in Japan.


Monthly Rent, Luxury 2 Bedroom: $2,551


Cup of Coffee: $6.38


One Gallon of Gasoline: $6.70


Daily International Newspaper: $6.38


Fast-Food Meal: $8.42

A bicycle that runs at 80 kmph

Audi unveiled an extremely emotion-inspiring sports machine, the Audi e-bike Wörthersee at Wörthersee in Carinthia, Austria. The prototype cycle combines an electric drive and muscle power. Head of Design Wolfgang Egger comments: “As a high-performance e-bike for sports and trick cycling, it features the Audi core competences of design, ultra, e-tron and connect.” The Audi e-bike Wörthersee puts in its first major appearance at this year’s Wörthersee Tour, the 31st meet for Audi, VW, Seat and Skoda fans; trial biker Julien Dupont and downhill specialist Petra Bernhard will demonstrate their stunts and streetbike skills.













1. The uncompromising dynamism of the bike prototype is fully visible at first sight. “When developing the Audi e-bike Wörthersee we drew on motor racing design principles for inspiration,” explains Hendrik Schaefers, one of the designers at Concept Design Studio Munich. “The e-bike appears incredibly precise, highly emotional and strictly functional. Indeed, the design effort focused on its function as a sports machine. All design elements are thus firmly aligned to the technical features.”




























The airy frame boasts a low center of gravity and a compact overall volume. In this way, the e- bike is superbly agile at the sporty handling limits. The lithium-ion battery is incorporated into the frame and needs 2.5 hours to freuteully charge. On long trial tours, only a few simple steps are required to remove the battery and replace it with a charged one





The frame and the swinging arm that holds the back wheel are made of carbon fiber- reinforced polymer (CFRP). The same material is used for the 26” wheels, which feature an innovative “Audi ultra blade” design with broad flat spokes for an optimized transmission of pedal power. “We were able to demonstrate with the choice of materials just how closely design goes hand in hand with expertise in ultra lightweight construction,” Hendrik Schaefers comments.




















Homogeneous LED light strips round out the frame and create the immediately recognizable Audi light signature. For extreme tricks and stunts the seat can be lowered to run flush with the frame itself. At the press of a button, the seat then rises up and the biker can adopt a comfortable position.









1. The cyclist can choose between a total of five cycling modes – pure muscle power, the electric motor alone, or pedaling supported by the electric motor. In the “Pure” mode, the drive power is purely the product of the cyclist’s legs, while in “Pedelec” mode you are supported by the electric motor that then makes speeds of up to 80 km/h (50 mph) possible and gives you a range of 50-70 kilometers (31-44 miles).




















If you select “eGrip”, the Audi e-bike Wörthersee runs solely on the electric motor and can reach a top speed of 50 km/h (31 mph). The cyclist then controls forward momentum using a gripshift and can configure the power as desired using the computer






When performing wheelies, an electronic control system supports the rider when performing tricks and back-wheel biking. Different modes can be set using a smartphone or directly on the e-bike – either “Power Wheelie” mode, with adjustable wheelie angle for less skilled bikers or “Balanced Wheelie” mode for sporting challenges.





1. In "Balanced Wheelie" mode, the electronic control system maintains the rider’s balance, by compensating the biker’s movements forwards or backwards via the electric motor.
















This means the rider can influence the bike’s speed by shifting weight: if you lean forwards the bike picks up speed, and if you lean back it slows. You select “Training” mode if you want to keep your performance constant for training purposes.











The electric motor is located at the lowest point on the frame and drives the bottom bracket shaft directly. The maximum torque delivered to the rear wheel is 250 Nm (184.39 lb-ft)..

























Audi unveiled an extremely emotion-inspiring sports machine, the Audi e-bike Wörthersee at Wörthersee in Carinthia, Austria. The prototype cycle combines an electric drive and muscle power. Head of Design Wolfgang Egger comments: “As a high-performance e-bike for sports and trick cycling, it features the Audi core competences of design, ultra, e-tron and connect.” The Audi e-bike Wörthersee puts in its first major appearance at this year’s Wörthersee Tour, the 31st meet for Audi, VW, Seat and Skoda fans; trial biker Julien Dupont and downhill specialist Petra Bernhard will demonstrate their stunts and streetbike skills.less




The uncompromising dynamism of the bike prototype is fully visible at first sight. “When developing the Audi e-bike Wörthersee we drew on motor racing design principles for inspiration,” explains Hendrik Schaefers, one of the designers at Concept Design Studio Munich. “The e-bike appears incredibly precise, highly emotional and strictly functional. Indeed, the design effort focused on its function as a sports machine. All design elements are thus firmly aligned to the technical features.”less




The airy frame boasts a low center of gravity and a compact overall volume. In this way, the e- bike is superbly agile at the sporty handling limits. The lithium-ion battery is incorporated into the frame and needs 2.5 hours to freuteully charge. On long trial tours, only a few simple steps are required to remove the battery and replace it with a charged one.




The frame and the swinging arm that holds the back wheel are made of carbon fiber- reinforced polymer (CFRP). The same material is used for the 26” wheels, which feature an innovative “Audi ultra blade” design with broad flat spokes for an optimized transmission of pedal power. “We were able to demonstrate with the choice of materials just how closely design goes hand in hand with expertise in ultra lightweight construction,” Hendrik Schaefers comments.less




Homogeneous LED light strips round out the frame and create the immediately recognizable Audi light signature. For extreme tricks and stunts the seat can be lowered to run flush with the frame itself. At the press of a button, the seat then rises up and the biker can adopt a comfortable position.




Cycling modes and countless other functions can be set using the touchscreen on-bike computer. The cyclist's smartphone hooks up by WLAN to the computer – when you start cycling, for example, the immobilizer is deactivated. Video images of the trial drive or of a trick, as recorded via the in-helmet camera, are uploaded to the Internet in real time via your smartphone.

Dubai reveals plans for amazing underwater hotel

Dubai shipbuilder Drydocks World has inked a deal with Swiss-based BIG InvestConsult, on behalf of partner Deep Ocean Technology (DOT) to create Water Discus Hotel - a leisure facility with a structure that is partly above water and the rest underneath.


1)Water Discus Underwater Hotel will comprise two discs - an underwater and above-water one. This combination will allow guests to admire the depths of the ocean while making the most of the warm climate.











2) The two parts of the structure are connected by three solid legs and a vertical shaft containing a lift and stairway. The size of each disc has been adjusted to local conditions.













3)The Water Discus complex was designed to ensure safety at all times, even in the most adverse weather conditions. The structure sits up on three sturdy legs fixed to the seabed, and the upper disc is suspended above the water surface. These two technical solutions will ensure that Water Discus remains safe even in the event of a fairly high tsunami, which can normally flood the nearest coastal areas.













4)The complex is surrounded by a beautifully vibrant coral reef. This unique location will allow visitors to enjoy the tropical weather and the colourful underwater world. The disc, located up to 10 metres beneath the surface of the sea, is composed of 21 hotel rooms adjacent to the underwater dive centre and a bar. Each room is integrated with the underwater world as closely as possible, offering a surprisingly direct, yet safe contact with the local flora and fauna.











5)The disc and its adjacent satellites located 5 - 7 metres above the water surface comprise a restaurant, a spa and a special recreation area.







6)A multifunctional lobby built inside an enormous swimming pool shows the centre of the disc. The area around the underwater part of the complex and diving activities may be watched as they happen on the screens hanging on the lobby walls. This part of the complex is connected to the satellites with glass-walled tunnels cutting through a training pool for divers.











7)Dubai shipbuilder Drydocks World has inked a deal with Swiss-based BIG InvestConsult, on behalf of partner Deep Ocean Technology DOT) for creation of the hotel.











8)The financial details of the deal, exact location and date of commencement of construction are still not known









9)Dubai, has never failed to surprise. From its modest beginnings as a sleepy fishing hamlet just a few decades back, the ‘city of gold’ has taken giant strides, establishing itself as a major financial, trading and tourist centre. And yes, a destination to witness some of the world’s stunning architectural achievements.













10)Burj Al Arab is a luxury hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. At 321 m (1,053 ft), it is the fourth tallest hotel in the world. Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial island 280 m (920 ft) out from Jumeirah beach, and is connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. The shape of the structure is designed to mimic the sail of a ship.

















11)Palm Jumeirah, Palm Jebel Ali and Palm Deira) which extend into the Persian Gulf, increasing Dubai’s shoreline by a total of 520 kilometres (320 mi). The Palm Jumeirah is in the shape of a palm tree. It consists of a trunk, a crown with 16 fronds, and a surrounding crescent island. (Image credit: Nakheel)









12)The World or World Islands is an artificial archipelago of various small islands constructed in the rough shape of a world map, located 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) off the coast of Dubai. The World islands are composed mainly of sand dredged from Dubai's shallow coastal waters, and are one of several artificial island developments in Dubai.













13) A closer view of The World is seen from the air. The World consists of over 300 man made islands strategically positioned to form the shape of the world map

















14)Almost two years of planning, research development and design went in to the construction









15)Though this is not a creation based inside or under water, no summary of Dubai's architectural feats can be completed without mentioning this one.
Standing at 829.84 m (2723 ft), the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world.

Light from Alien Super-Earth Seen for 1st Time

Light from an alien "super-Earth" twice the size of our own Earth has been detected by a NASA space telescope for the first time in what astronomers are calling a historic achievement.


NASA's infrared Spitzer Space Telescope spotted light from thealien planet 55 Cancri e, which orbits a star 41 light-years from Earth. A day on the extrasolar planet lasts just 18 hours.


The planet 55 Cancri e was first discovered in 2004 and is not a habitable world. Instead, it is known as a super-Earth because of its size: The world is about twice the width of Earth and is super-dense, with about eight times the mass of Earth.


But until now, scientists have never managed to detect the infrared light from the super-Earth world.
















"Spitzer has amazed us yet again," said Spitzer program scientist Bill Danch of NASA headquarters in Washington in a statement today (May 8). "The spacecraft is pioneering the study of atmospheres of distant planets and paving the way for NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope to apply a similar technique on potentially habitable planets."



Spitzer first detected infrared light from an alien planet in 2005. But that world was "hot Jupiter," a gas giant planet much larger than 55 Cancri e that orbited extremely close to its parent star. While other telescopes have performed similar feats since then, Spitzer's view of the 55 Cancri e is the first time the light from a rocky super-Earth type planet has been seen, researchers said.


Since the discovery of 55 Cancri e, astronomers have pinned down increasingly strange features about the planet. The researchers already knew it was part of an alien solar system containing five exoplanets centered on the star 55 Cancri in the constellation Cancer (The Crab). [Gallery: The Oozing Planet 55 Cancri e]


But 55 Cancri e stood out because it is ultra-dense and orbits extremely close to its parent star; about 26 times closer than the distance between Mercury and our own sun.


The new Spitzer observations revealed that the star-facing side of 55 Cancri e is extremely hot, with temperatures reaching up to 3,140 degrees Fahrenheit (1,726 degrees Celsius). The planet is likely a dark world that lacks the substantial atmosphere needed to warm its nighttime side, researchers said.


And to top it all off, the planet is oozing.


Past observations of the planet by the Spitzer Space Telescope have suggested that one-fifth of 55 Cancri e is made up of lighter elements, including water. But the extreme temperatures and pressures on 55 Cancri e would create what scientists call a "supercritical fluid" state.


Supercritical fluids can be imagined as a gas in a liquid state, which can occur under extreme pressures and temperatures. On Earth, water can become a supercritical fluid inside some steam engines.


The previous studies of 55 Cancri e were performed by analyzing how the light from its parent star changed as the planet passed in front of it, a technique known as the "transit method." In the new study, astronomers used the Spitzer Space Telescope to determine the infrared light from 55 Cancri e itself.


Spitzer's new look at 55 Cancri e is consistent with supercritical-fluid waterworld theory. The planet is likely a rocky world covered with water in a supercritical fluid state and topped off with a steam blanket, researchers said.


"It could be very similar to Neptune, if you pulled Neptune in toward our sun and watched its atmosphere boil away," said the study's principal investigator Michaël Gillon of Université de Liège in Belgium. The lead author is Brice-Olivier Demory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.


The research is detailed in the Astrophysical Journal.




NASA's $770 million Spitzer Space Telescope launched in 2003 and is currently in an extended mission to study the universe in infrared light. During that extended mission, telescope engineers modified several settings on the observatory to optimize its alien planet vision, NASA officials said.


The space agency's next major infrared space observatory, the James Webb Space Telescope slated to launch in 2018, could potentially reveal even more details about 55 Cancri e and other similarsuper-Earth planets.


"When we conceived of Spitzer more than 40 years ago, exoplanets hadn't even been discovered," said Michael Werner, Spitzer project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "Because Spitzer was built very well, it's been able to adapt to this new field and make historic advances such as this."


You can follow SPACE.com Managing Editor Tariq Malik on Twitter @tariqjmalik. Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
Planets Large and Small Populate Our Galaxy (Infographic)
Alien Super-Earth Goes Supercritical?
Gallery: The Infrared Universe Seen by Spitzer Telescope


sources:-......... @yahoonews

Ashvin Kumar Being nominated for an Oscar in 2005 .....trying to distribute his film "the forest " for around 5 years he was unable to find even a single distributor since "Distributors want stars"

Being nominated for an Oscar is like being knighted. Oscar-nominated becomes a courteous prefix to one’s name. So when Ashvin Kumar was nominated for one in 2005 for his film ‘Little Terrorist’, he was on a different high. Anyone would be. But he went through a humbling experience when he completed his very next film- a man-eater based thriller called ‘The Forest’. While the film was shot with an international crew, it had an Indian setting. But for some reason he didn’t find a buyer for 5 years. Now that the film is finally releasing, the director is relieved and claims to have learnt a lot in the period that he waited for the film to reach the screens. He admits that he had, at several points, come to believe that the film would never release. He talks to Kunal Guha about the ideology behind his craft and why Indian distributors, despite the evolution of Indian cinema, continue to evaluate films through a rigid metric and fail to see a film for its true merit.




What was the core idea behind making ‘The Forest’?

I have always been traveling to the many forests in India right from when I was as a kid and my parents always wanted me to see animals in their natural habitat. So when I thought about making a thriller, it seemed like the ideal setting. Then I wanted to explore man’s interference with nature and how nature fights back.




Do you personally enjoy thrillers or movies that bring one to the edge of the seat?

I can’t watch horror films, they scare me a lot. But I do enjoy thrillers. My favourites would be all the Alfred Hitchcock classics and among recent films- ‘Panic Room’ was one that was a pure thriller. Then I love thrillers based on human drama like ‘Knife in the Water’ and there are so many of them.












While there isn’t a formula to make a perfect thriller, what are the elements that need to go into one?

There’s only one element that applies to all thrillers. The audience must want to ask that one question and if they don’t ask that one basic question then you’ve failed as a filmmaker. The audience must want to ask from moment to moment, second to second, scene to scene- what’s going to happen next. The job of the filmmaker is to keep the audience engaged and make them ask that question constantly.


Which are your favourite thrillers based on man-eaters?

I don’t know many to say that I like them. I am not saying this because I’ve made this film. But I am saying that because I don’t think any film has successfully translated the phenomenon of a man-eater on the big screen. Many documentaries have done it but not films. My film ensures that it keeps you at the edge of your seat.







Do you think any myths about filmmaking were shattered while working on this project?

The very fact that my film didn’t release for five years completely changed how I looked at films and what I wanted to do in filmmaking. For the first film I made, I was nominated for an Oscar and that’s a huge high. And then I got to make a film of this scale which is ambitious to begin with. My career had just taken off and when I got to know that no one in Bombay wanted to release it for several years, I had to disassociate myself with the film completely and resign myself to the fact that it may never release. I had to do that to move on. I had to tell myself that all the hard work and money and pain and love that had been put into it had to go and that was the most painful thing to reconcile with.




Did you ever consider going back to the film and trying to figure out a different pitch to sell it?

Oh, we did all that. What you’re going to see in cinemas now is a much re-edited version. We dubbed it in Hindi and did quite a bit of other things. All that introspection about ‘I’m never going to cut anything’ and then looking at it again and saying, ‘let me re-cut it to make it more effective’.




Were there parts that you loved that had to go?

I think what happened was, when I came back to it, it was very obvious what had to go. I am an editor myself and have edited all my films except one and I am very ruthless with my material. There were parts that we spent a lot of time filming but that doesn’t mean that it has to be in the film. What is going to be in the film is what is going to move the story forward. Again, coming back to the audience wanting to ask ‘what’s going to happen next’ is essential. If the audience begins to look around and check their blackberries, then you’ve lost them. So you need to cut out all that and keep the scenes that you need to move the story forward. Actually, this is a very good lesson in writing screenplays as well. Now, in hindsight, I am able to write screenplays which are far leaner, much less obvious, visual and have much more to do with the audience’s ability to join the dots rather than manually feed them with information. There are only a few moments which are needed. And the choice of those moments is very particular as you need to predict what the audience wants to see about a particular character.




What were the challenges in working with your film’s lead star- the man-eater?

We didn’t work with a real man-eater. We did work with two leopards who were trained. We shot their parts in Thailand and when we were filming, Animal Planet did two episodes about the experience of shooting with leopards and they did capture most of our obvious challenges. The first thing that one notices is that leopards do pretty much whatever they want to do and you have to arrange your shots at the spur of the moment. We had already filmed a lot of shots in India and we had to get the leopard to match what we had shot. But the leopard’s movements were unpredictable, it was a big challenge to structure the reverse shots with the leopard and to make them look convincing when you merge them. So that happened with a lot of planning and homework. I had to give a lot of allowance when I was writing the script and composing my shots for the leopard. If he’s on the roof and I wanted him to walk down a certain angle, if he didn’t do that and walked down another angle, I would still have to work around it. I had to give a large benefit of doubt to the leopard. We also had other production challenges like we were shooting in really low temperatures and certain cast members were required to be soaked in a liquid that we used to show blood in the film, throughout the day. So it was quite difficult for them to brave that. Then obviously I had to achieve my vision within several restrictions since I didn’t have a huge budget which became a big challenge as well.




So the leopard was like a co-writer in the film?

Yes. And then he did things that I wanted to include. There are times when animals do something really wonderful and then you wonder if you can use it and how can you use it. He was improvising and I had to write my screenplay around him- which is exactly what you do in a documentary film, by the way.




Since you have a background in documentaries as well, what are the joys and challenges of making fiction, compared to non-fiction films?

In a documentary film, you have a rough idea of what you want and you go out there and shoot ‘reality’ and then you string it to a story which is a particular story to you. You sometimes create situations in which the characters can draw certain things out of. But other than that you cannot influence too much as you want the reality. Your role then becomes just being in the right position with your camera in the right angle to shoot when things happen in front of the camera. In feature films, you sit down and write the story and then you go out to find locations and then shoot. I can’t write a script but I can write a rough scenario and then see how it goes. So my next challenge to come out of my comfort zone is to write movies which are not tightly scripted so that we can create lots of scope of improvisation.












Based on your experience of trying to distribute this film for around 5 years, what are the elements that distributors in India are skeptical about what are the things that they look for in a project?

We all know this. Distributors want stars. The film has a star, the film gets distributed. My film neither has star nor does it have songs, nor is it made in Hindi (even though we’ve dubbed it now). This is the standard story in India. Today what happens is that distributors don’t have the ability to look at a movie and back it and say that- this will really work. They look at a movie and say, ‘Isme na star hain, na gaane hai’ so it’s an ‘off-beat’ film’. Any film that doesn’t fall into those strict parameters becomes an offbeat film. And while such films have worked well in recent times for their low budget and their strong story content, the industry continues to go for what is popular rather than for something that is content-driven. The other problem is that even if they bring in a film which is ‘content-driven’ they still can’t look at it in a positive way. The audience wants something fresh and new every time but the distributor wants something that is old and tried and tested and that is the biggest problem. They want to do something that has done very well in the past but then the audience has already seen that and they don’t want to see the same thing again. And the distributors are willing to try something new only if there’s a star involved. “Star hain toh kuch naya bhi try karenge toh chal jayega!’




Since you have stubbornly retained your mantra for filmmaking even while braving hardships, what does filmmaking mean to you today?

It’s about putting yourself out there. It’s about challenging yourself. For me, filmmaking is a very different pursuit. It’s about living with the fear of falling flat on your face. It’s about going ahead and doing it and then coming out and saying, ‘Yeah man, I did that and even if it didn’t work, you should be able to say that you did it’.




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