Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV)

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV)-Mark I&II  ,is capable of placing INSAT–II class of satellites (2000 – 2,500 kg) into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).  GSLV is a three stage vehicle GSLV is 49 m tall, with 414 t lift off weight. It has a maximum diameter of 3.4 m at the payload fairing. First stage comprises S125 solid booster with four liquid (L40) strap-ons.  Second stage (GS2) is liquid engine and the third stage (GS3) is a cryo stage.   The vehicle develops a lift off thrust  of 6573 kn.
The first flight of GSLV took place from SHAR on April 18, 2001 by launching 1540 kg GSAT-1. It was followed by six more launches , GSLV-D2 on May 8, 2003 (GSAT-2  1825 kg), GSLV-F01 on September 20, 2004 (EDUSAT 1950 kg), GSLV-F02 on July 10, 2006, GSLV-F04 on September 2, 2007 (INSAT-4CR   2130 kg), GSLV-D3 on April 15, 2010 and GSLV-F06 on December 25, 2010.

Typical Parameters of GSLV
 Lift-off weight     414 tonne
 Pay Load     2 to 2.5 Tonne in to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)
 Height     49 metre
GSLV Milestones
    GSLV-F06 launched GSAT-5P on December 25, 2010 (Unsuccessful)
    GSLV-D3 launched GSAT-4 on April 15, 2010 (Unsuccessful)
    GSLV-F04 launched INSAT-4CR on September 2, 2007 (Successful)
    GSLV-F02 launched INSAT-4C on July 10, 2006 (Unsuccessful)
    GSLV-F01 launched EDUSAT(GSAT-3) on September 20, 2004 (Successful)
    GSLV-D2 launched GSAT-2 on May 8, 2003 (Successful)
    GSLV-D1 launched GSAT-1 on April 18, 2001 (Successful)

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

e Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle,usually known by its abbreviation PSLV is the first operational launch vehicle of ISRO. PSLV is capable of launching 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun-synchronous polar orbit and 1050 kg satellite in geo-synchronous transfer orbit. In the standard configuration, it measures 44.4 m tall, with a lift off weight of 295 tonnes. PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage is one of the largest solid propellant boosters in the world and carries 139 tonnes of propellant. A cluster of six strap-ons attached to the first stage motor, four of which are ignited on the ground and two are air-lit.

The reliability rate of PSLV has been superb. There had been 21 continuously successful flights of PSLV, till September 2012 . With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-mission capability in a single launch and its geosynchronous launch capability. In the Chandrayaan-mission, another variant of PSLV with an extended version of strap-on motors, PSOM-XL, the payload haul was enhanced to 1750 kg in 620 km SSPO. PSLV has rightfully earned the status of workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.
Typical Parameters of PSLV
 Lift-off weight     295 tonne
 Pay Load     1600 kg in to 620 km Polar Orbit,
1060 kg in to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)
 Height     44 metre

PSLV Milestones
    PSLV-C21 launched SPOT 6 and PROITERES on September 09, 2012 (Successful)
    PSLV-C19 launched RISAT-1 on April 26, 2012 (Successful)
    PSLV-C18 launched Megha-Tropiques, SRMSat, VesselSat-1 and Jugnu on October 12, 2011 (Successful)
    PSLV-C17 launched GSAT - 12 on July 15, 2011 (Successful)
    PSLV-C16 launched RESOURCESAT - 2, YOUTHSAT and X-SAT on April 20, 2011 (Successful)
    PSLV-C15 launched CARTOSAT-2B, ALSAT-2A, NLS 6.1 & 6.2 and STUDSAT on July 12, 2010 (Successful)
    PSLV-C14 launched Oceansat - 2 and Six Nanosatellites on September 23, 2009 (Successful)
    PSLV-C12 launched RISAT-2 and ANUSAT on April 20, 2009 (Successfully)
    PSLV-C11 launched CHANDRAYAAN-I, on October 22, 2008 (Successful)
    PSLV-C9 launched CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1 and Eight nano-satellites on April 28, 2008 (Successful)
    PSLV-C10 launched TECSAR on January 23, 2008 (Successful)
    PSLV-C8 launched AGILE on April 23, 2007 (Successful)
    PSLV-C7 launched CARTOSAT-2, SRE-1, LAPAN-TUBSAT and PEHUENSAT-1 on January 10, 2007 (Successful)
    PSLV-C6 launched CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT on May 5, 2005 (Successful)
    PSLV-C5 launched RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) on October 17, 2003 (Successful)
    PSLV-C4 launched KALPANA-1(METSAT) on September 12, 2002 (Successful)
    PSLV-C3 launched TES on October 22, 2001 (Successful)
    PSLV-C2 launched OCEANSAT(IRS-P4), KITSAT-3 and DLR-TUBSAT on May 26, 1999 (Successful)
    PSLV-C1 launched IRS-1D on September 29, 1997 (Successful)
    PSLV-D3 launched IRS-P3 on March 21, 1996 (Successful)
    PSLV-D2 launched IRS-P2 on October 15, 1994 (Successful)
    PSLV-D1 launched IRS-1E on September 20, 1993 (Unsuccessful)

India's major grid solar power projects

India's National Solar Mission has targeted to deploy 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022. The country is blessed with about an estimated 5000 TWh of solar radiation. This vast resource can be tapped to meet the growing energy demand. Even if a tenth of this potential is utilised, it could solve the country’s power problems.




Solar energy has particular relevance in remote and rural areas, where around 289 million people live without access to electricity. Solar energy is the most cost-effective option for India to reduce energy poverty without having to extend national grid services to provide power for individual homes and buildings. 

A State/UT wise list of grid solar power projects commissioned so far is as follows:

S.No.	State / UT	Capacity (kWp)
1	Andhra Pradesh	100
2	Arunanchal Pradesh	25
3	Gujarat	5000
4	Karnataka	6000
5	Kerala	25
6	Madhya Pradesh	100
7	Maharashtra	1000
8	Punjab	2325
9	Rajasthan	4950
10	Tamil Nadu	5050
11	Uttar Pradesh	375
12	Uttarakhand	50
13	West Bengal	1150
14	Andaman & Nicobar	100
15	Delhi	2142
16	Lakshadweep	750
17	Puducherry	25
18	Others	790
	Total	29957